Elite Young Women Now Plan For Career Interruptions. So the New York Times Tells Us.

This NYT story about young women planning more career pauses than their mothers has a couple of weird bits, starting with the headline.  That's because the evidence quoted in the piece is predominantly about very highly educated men and women in elite colleges, and I'd be willing to bet  that few of the mothers of those people went to Harvard Business School,say.

But I get the point, of course, and that is to compare generations of women.  One study Claire Cain Miller, the author of the article, cites is about Harvard MBAs from various generations, both men and women.  Miller writes:

A survey of Harvard Business School alumni, released as part of the school’s new gender initiative, found that 37 percent of millennial women and 42 percent of those already married planned to interrupt their career for family. That compared with 28 percent of Generation X women and 17 percent of baby boomers.

As an aside, I couldn't quite figure out what "interrupt" means from the survey report itself (which doesn't include the questions asked). Does it mean only time taken off from the labor market?  Or does it also include choosing to work part-time or picking a more flexible (but probably less remunerative) job?

Similar numbers for men in those cohorts were 13% for millennial men, and miniscule percentages for Generation X men (4%) and baby boomers (3%).

But what's more important than the comparison between the expectations of,  say, women of the boomer generation and millennial women is to ask whether those expectations materialized.  

The data for the millennials is somewhat meaningless for that, given their young average age.  But note that while only 17% of baby boomer women expected to interrupt their careers for family reasons, 56% actually experienced them.  Likewise, 28% of Generation X expected such interruptions but 43% experienced them.

Thus, unless millennial women and men are much better planners than the men and women of earlier generations, those expectations might not predict very much, in any particular direction*.  It's also worth pointing out that female Harvard MBAs  in the baby boomer and older generations  were often path-breakers who had higher career expectations than the women following their footsteps, and this makes straightforward comparisons between the generations trickier.

Still,  the difference in the percentages of millennial women and men who expect to interrupt their careers for family reasons does not bode well for increasing women in various decision-making rules in business (though the much-increased percentage of millennial men over earlier generations expecting career interruptions may presage future changes in the allocation of childcare duties).  That's because the labor markets currently punish those who interrupt their careers and make future promotions much less likely.

The final weird point is perhaps how those above percentages are used.  For instance, the majority of the millennial women interviewed in that study, 63%, are not expecting to interrupt their careers for family reasons.  But that's not news.

The same study could have been used to analyze many other aspects of gender differences in the experiences of Harvard MBAs, too.  Women are doing quite well in some aspects (many more women are now in line management (70% of those interviewed) rather than in staff positions), not so well in other aspects (women are less satisfied with their careers, on average, than men, and some of that appears directly to reflect those thorny decisions about whose career should come first and who should be responsible for childcare and household chores).

But certain topics are prioritized for wider dissemination.  I can't help feeling that they are those topics which tell us that mothers can safely be left responsible for all child-care and all the opportunity costs that entails while the rest of the society can concentrate on other things.  I also very much doubt that we will see a reversal of this article any time soon.  Yet the data exists, including in the Harvard MBA study I quote here.

So are these young elite women** more realistic about their futures than previous generations of women?  Before trying to answer that question it's good to remind ourselves of the lack of true parental leaves in this country, of the basic hostility of the labor market towards any worker who doesn't seem to put the job first and of the very slow change in traditional gender roles at home.

The lack of flexibility and/or its high costs to the workers ultimately hurts both male and female workers on all income levels, especially on the lowest income levels.  I'm not sure that the best response to that is to tell us how a few elite women have figured how to cope with the facts on their own, unless we also have a more widespread campaign to change the underlying obstacles I've described.

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*It could be, of course, that expecting such interruptions makes some women choose so-called mommy track jobs.  That, in itself, could become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
**The study covers racial and ethnic differences, but by its very nature its focus is on a very privileged group of men and women.

An Autopsy of A Mass Murderer

The coverage of mass murderers, after the massacres they inflict on us, reminds me of a very flawed and partial autopsy*, carried out by the media and also by various experts.

It's as if we open the stomach, check out the liver, the heart and lungs, remove the pancreas and the spleen, all the time looking, looking for why this particular person (well, this particular man) hated humankind or some of its subgroups (people of other races, of other religions, people who are female), why this particular person needed to imitate a deranged and vengeful god, why, why and why.

Is that a spot of racism on the lungs I see? Or a heart full of misogyny (see how dark the clotted blood is)?  And that spleen, see  how mottled it is with extremist thoughts, the objectification and nullification of the humanity of others?  We open the skull and eagerly peer in.  How did this particular murderer  become what he was?  Did he have a violent history?  Did he abuse his wife?  Did he write diatribes on extremist web sites against blacks or against Jews or Muslims against women or the government (as an embodiment of everybody?)?  Did his writings adulate ISIS?  And can you, too, smell the mental illness all over the corpse, notice the metastasized cancer of end-time thoughts, the joy of destruction, the way violence as a way of life is tattooed on that dead skin?

We do all this by interviewing the family and neighbors of the killer, by finding out how he spent his time on the Internet, by combing through his criminal records, his past work history, and then we try to nail our diagnosis to his own words.

In doing that we try to differentiate between mental illness, between extremist political and religious ideas, between those who look to us like terrorists and those who look to us as something else.  Was the murderer's intention to frighten others, were his real victims not those he killed (because they were only tools) but those who watched these autopsies afterwards?  Or did he ultimately not care about his victims, not seeing them as anything but the best place to light up his fireworks or as the proper sacrifices for the vengeful war god to perform?

Mostly Good News Friday

Not everything in the world is gloom and doom, and I need to be reminded of that.  Perhaps you, too?   Here are a few good news from the past week:

First, a ruling from the US Appeals Court:

The state of Washington can require a pharmacy to deliver medicine even if the pharmacy’s owner has a religious objection, a federal appeals court ruled on Thursday, the latest in a series of judgments on whether religious believers can opt out of providing services.
The ruling, from the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco, came in a case filed by pharmacists who objected to delivering emergency contraceptives. The 9th Circuit overturned a lower court that had said the rules were unconstitutional.
The U.S. Supreme Court last year allowed closely held corporations to seek exemptions from the Obamacare health law’s contraception requirement.

Ze Bolds are mine.

Note the reference to the Hobby Lobby case in the last paragraph.

Second, this article reminds us that unplanned pregnancies among teenagers are down, that contraceptive use is not down, and that:

The study found that teens who waited until they were in their late teens (18 and 19) before having sex were more likely to use contraception the first time they had sex, possibly because they were more educated about sex and pregnancy, said Martinez, the study author. And female teens who did not use contraception the first time they had sex were two to five times more likely to have a baby during their teen years.

As an aside, the article has a somewhat misleading title:

Teen sex rate lowest since the 1980s, contraceptive use remains high.

A better interpretation can be found in the body of the article:

Even though the current CDC study reported a 25-year low for teen sexual activity, the time between 1988 and 1995 is really what is responsible for this decline, when there was increased education about sex in response to the HIV epidemic, and the rate of sexual activity has not changed much since then, Lindberg said.  

Ze Bolds, they are mine, again.  

Now remember that before you learn how Russ Limbaugh interpreted this study.  I presume you need a laugh today, right?

Third, this is certainly not good news, but it reminds us that all those who advocate voluntary compliance to safety and health rules in the food marketplace and all those politicians who have served to cut back on health inspections and the enforcement of health rules probably have some ethical responsibility for crimes of this type:

Federal court officers are recommending what attorneys are calling an "unprecedented" sentence of life in prison for a peanut executive convicted in a salmonella-poisoning case.
Former Peanut Corporation of American owner Stewart Parnell was convicted last fall of selling truckloads of peanut butter from his southwest Georgia plant to food processors even after they tested positive for salmonella.
Food containing the tainted peanuts was blamed for killing nine people and sickened more than 700.

I wish the knowledge of the importance of health inspections wasn't something that so easily slips down the memory hole while the taxes necessary to pay for them always look like a thing to cut.

Fourth, I love this loonie piece about the horrible Europeans, all so feminized and effete (that means men, women only matter as producers of children)  that they will never face up to the Russian Bear.  Neither can they squeeze out more than the very rare single child per family, and they spend all their money on food, drink and clothes while living in shoe boxes.

Imagine writing that on the basis of what sounds like a tourist trip to some place like Italy!   I mean, tourist places are full of tourists, on vacations.  They eat and drink a lot and sit about and neither march around with a machine gun nor train in private militias, right?   —  I could do something similar about Murka if I didn't care about insulting actual people.

As an aside, the birth rate among white Americans is about the same as the average European birth rate, just to give you the first step on the road to dissolving the evidence the author quotes.  But it's more fun just to read the piece.

Fifth, this piece tells us about who might be latching onto the teats of the government welfare sow.  It's a salutary reminder of the fact that some piglets doing that are pretty rich.

Sixth, a very happy and free cow who lives in a shelter for farm animals.

 

 

 

 

The Posts I Did Not Write

Poor little things.  They never saw the light of day.

I have a few hundred in the draft files on Blogger, and several more died a sudden death like this:  I spot an interesting tweet or article, it rings my writing bell, and I follow the references to the original source, which turns out to be a lot of noise about nothing.  Or a giant exaggeration.  Or a misreading of data.  Then no post.

But is omitting those posts really the best strategy?  Or could it be a bit like the file drawer problem in research?  I'm writing a silly blog, not doing research, which makes the comparison somewhat arrogant.  Still, perhaps I should spend more time explaining why I don't write about certain hot issues of the day, other than the obvious reasons of not going past my competence or of others covering the issues much better.

One story which still bothers me is about Twitter.  I had just been working on a post about rape and I saw a reference to some of the data I had used in a much re-tweeted tweet.  The reference misinterpreted one aspect of the data completely (like taking the gift wrap for the present inside), gave wrong numbers, came to the wrong conclusion, but was still widely disseminated.  And all this took place on my side of the political camp.

What should I have done about that?  I tried to find the source of the tweet, found it, but found no way to comment there and no way to contact the author.  The alternative, of trying to explain the issues in tweets, left me with cold sweat all over my scales, because Twitter is the last place in the world where you want to start explaining statistical tables, especially in the context I describe here.

If you undertake that work you will most likely be viewed as coming from the enemy camp.  The number of characters allowed in each tweet, with no continuity of the explanation also exposes you to many more opportunities of being misunderstood than of being understood.

So I'm a cowardly goddess.  That's not a bad thing to be, because bravery is rather meaningless unless it comes from a coward.  Right?

This post is really about silence.  When should we be silent?  About what?   

 

On the Sandra Bland Arrest Video

(note:  The video below has been removed from YouTube, presumably by the officials who put it up in the first place.  There's a new video where the continuity problems have been fixed (we are told), but I'm not sure if my time information still applies.

Thanks to Monkeyfister for another link to the initial video, here)


It's this one:



I watched it last night from the beginning to end.  The important first time is at about 1:50 when Sandra Bland commits a minor traffic infraction by not indicating a lane change.  The altercation begins at about 8:34.

The officer, Texas State Trooper Brian T. Encinia,  asks Bland to put out her cigarette.  She answers by saying that she is in her own car.  Next, the officer asks her to step out of the car.  He gets more adamant in his request as she questions his right to make her do that.  He then reaches in and appears to start pulling her out of the car.

That is the start of everything, and my opinion is that it was the officer who began the escalation by reacting to Bland's refusal to put her cigarette out the way he did.  Does he really have a legal right to make her step out of her car for the answer she gave?  Is one not allowed to refuse any request an officer makes in Texas?

Watch the rest of the altercation yourself, remembering that later in the video (at about 23:30) Encinia explains to someone else (while his voice can be heard by us) how he tried to defuse what was taking place, how he tried to calm her down.  Note that he tells her to move to the side where the video fails to record anything visual.  Only the voices are audible until we no longer hear Bland at all but only various police officers' voices.

I couldn't understand everything Bland said while she was upset, but as LA Times wrote that last, night:

Throughout, Bland is questioning why she is being arrested and often shouts expletives. Encinia responds in angry tones that she should obey his orders.

What the LA Times failed to record was that when Bland told Encinia that she had epilepsy he responded (at about 14:00) "Good."  In general, that particular newspaper report sounded somewhat biased to me, so I decided to write this post without seeing any other reports (so now you know).

The rest of the long tape, after officer Encinia's interpretations of what happened,  has a lot of nothing happening.  But a tow-truck comes for Bland's car and its driver appears to miraculously emerge from the truck more than once even though he didn't go back before the other appearances.  So something is wrong with the video at least at that point.

So what do I make of what I saw?  As I wrote earlier, officer Encinia started it.  Did he have a right to demand that Bland get out of her car for refusing to put her cigarette out?  If that's the case, can one ever refuse anything an officer asks one to do?  What if it's to stand on one leg and imitate a cuckoo bird sound?

Bland talked back, and she got angrier and angrier, too.  But so did Encinia.  It was his voice which was more filled with rage in the video.  The video doesn't show Bland allegedly kicking Encinia, and neither does it show how he handled her physically (though the video shows that her hands were cuffed behind the back before any possible kicking might have happened)*.   I also thought that Bland sounded quite rational in her statements.  She was angry, sure, but she was asking what the grounds for her arrest were.  She also threatened Encinia with a court case for a false arrest.

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*There's a video taken by a bystander of Bland on the ground.  You can hear Encinia telling the person who took it that he or she must leave in the official video above.

Added later:  For those readers who are not following the events, the frame for understanding this post is this earlier post.

Added even later:  I should note that I wrote this whole post from the stance of trying to be extremely neutral, so I'm not saying that the video might have been edited.  Perhaps there are other reasons for all the odd stuff?  But if so, I want to hear what those reasons are. 

Why Women "Prefer" Less Or Should Accept Less

That title reflects my understanding of these two recent New Republic articles by Elizabeth Stoker Bruenig.  In the first one she argues that mothers prefer part-time work over full-time work and that perhaps we should not push more women into full-time work ("we" being the ubiquitous feminist powers), but should make it easier for women to work part-time.

The second one argues that what Pope Francis has achieved for women should be lauded by those same feminists, even if it sorta falls short on most actual measures.

So I want to spend a bit more time on each of these articles, to tell why my reaction is the title of this post.

The "Liberate Women From Full-Time Work" article states that most mothers (with children under eighteen) "prefer" part-time work and that the US should make it easier for that to be an option.

Where I comment on stuff: Misogynistic Trolls as Losers, Which Words We Avoid in Newspapers And Who Gets The Money in Wisconsin

1.  The Washington Post has published a summary of the "why some men bully women in computer games.  It's important that you also read my post on that study.  It's more nuanced as they say.

2.  If you have followed the conspiracy theories about the Jade Helm military operation you have probably had fun.  Here's an interview with one of the men who keeps his eagle eye on the government plans to put all of us into concentration camps.  The whole story is fun to read, but this sentence is worth thinking about:

The leader of a volunteer group formed as a “watchdog” over Jade Helm 15 military exercises dismissed 90 percent of Americans as useless and said “he can’t wait to kill thousands of these f*cks.”

Notice the placement of the asterisk.  It's not in the word "kill."

That's meant to start you thinking why we don't regard m*rdering, k*lling and tort*ring people as worthy of a few asterisks.  Nothing about the story itself, and of course I know that "f*ck" lacks the "u" because of journalistic rules.

3.  A wonderful Wisconsin story (remember the Ringwraith governor Scott Walker):

The Wisconsin Senate voted 21-10 to approve $250 million in public financing for a new arena for the Milwaukee Bucks. The bill will now be sent to the state Assembly for approval. Though the Assembly is likely to pass it, there is still some backroom negotiating and deals to be completed beforehand. The Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel has exhaustive detail on the compromises struck to pass the Senate version of the bill.

Just a few days ago, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker signed a state budget that includes cuts of $250 million to the University of Wisconsin system, among other cuts to public education funding. Marc Lasry, a Bucks co-owner, is estimated by Forbes to be worth $1.87 billion, while co-owner Wesley Edens was worth $2.5 billion in 2007 before suffering a downturn (though not so big of one to prevent him from owning an NBA team) in the Great Recession. Together, they will pay just $150 million towards the arena.

 As an aside, Walker just signed into law the banning of abortion after twenty weeks of pregnancy.

What Happened To Sandra Bland? To Kimberlee Randale-King? To Kindra Darnell Chapman?

Sandra Bland died in a Texas jail on Monday morning, at the age of twenty-eight.  She was in that cell because:

According to the Texas Department of Public Safety, on July 10, a trooper stopped the Hyundai that Bland was driving in Waller County because she didn’t signal to change lanes. Bland “became argumentative and uncooperative” during the traffic stop, the department said in a news release, and she was taken into custody.

As yet there is only partial footage of her arrest (or purported partial footage).  But if failing to signal lane changes and "being argumentative and uncooperative" were common reasons for putting someone in jail,  half of Boston drivers would find themselves currently incarcerated.

Something smells off about the case, both what took place during her arrest and the way she died.  The autopsy findings are that she hanged herself in that cell, despite having a new job to look forward, despite having just moved into the area, despite being in that jail cell for something quite minor, as crimes go.

Her case resembles the 2014 case of Kimberlee Randale-King,  who was arrested for outstanding traffic warrants after participating in a row or brawl and who was later found dead in her cell.  She, too, was stated as having hanged herself in the cell.

And her case also resembles the equally recent case of Kindra Darnell Chapman who was jailed on first-degree robbery charges (for allegedly taking a cell phone).  Chapman, too, was found hanged in her cell.

These three cases don't just share the manner of death.  All three women were African-Americans.

That's about how far I was able to come by mere Google research.  For me to go further, to look into police brutality, say, or into racism as a possible reason for the harsh treatment of at least two of the women is not possible with the data I have gathered.

But cases of these types deserve much closer scrutiny.  In particular, those responsible for jail inmates seem to have failed in the duty to ensure their safety.  I find it unlikely that someone close to a suicidal state would not show any symptoms about it while being deposited in a cell.  I may be wrong about that, but as a minimum we should ask how jails and prisons and the police handle emotionally fraught or mentally ill individuals.

Today's Evolutionary Psychology Criticism: Or Why Some Men Bully Women in Computer Games?

At first glance this piece of research sounded interesting:  A study about nasty comments in a computer game, analyzed by the gender of the recipient of those comments.  A player named Jeff was introduced into the game.  All other players in his team were male, but in some applications "Jeff" was given a female voice and in others a male voice.  The results (note that playing poorly resulted in "dying"):

What we found was that Jeff’s teammates who died more often generally made more positive comments towards Jeff. And their performance, good or bad, had no effect on the number of negative comments they directed towards him.
In contrast, when Jeff used a female voice, he received many more negative comments, particularly from players who were performing poorly.
This suggests that men behaved according to a social hierarchy. When they were performing poorly – i.e. they were lower status – they did not challenge a male-voiced teammate, but they did challenge a female-voiced one.
This was supported by our results exploring skill level –- our proxy for an individual’s position in the hierarchy. Skill level didn’t affect how men behaved towards another man, but men lower in skill were less positive in the female-voiced treatment.
Interestingly, higher-skilled men were more positive towards women, but not men.

Where I started to wonder about the findings was in that third paragraph:  The introduction of the hierarchy as the important variable:

Read It? On The Troubles of Reddit.

All I know about Reddit is that when I get "visitors" from some of their sewage sites I have to put the comments on full moderation.  Keep that in mind when thinking about my possible bias in this post, which is about those sewage sites on Reddit.

Reddit is a BIIIG site, with many sub-groups, and so its problems get big attention.  The most recent round began with the resignation of the temporary CEO, Ellen Pao.  What matters for my purposes is not whether Pao was a good CEO or the devil incarnate who fired a popular employee for having cancer, or why Reddit's chief engineer, Bethanye McKinney Blount, also resigned.

Corporations fire people and people resign, for all sorts of reasons, some of them good and some of them horrible, though it's worth quoting that:

Blount is the third major female executive the company has lost and her departure underscores the trouble Reddit is facing in turning its forums into a business.

  It's the way the Pao resignation was achieved that I want to discuss:

On Femicide in Mexico

Mexico suffers from an epidemic of missing and/or murdered women.  The comments to the linked article right away argued that Mexico suffers from an even larger epidemic of missing and/or murdered men, and that is certainly correct. 

But a more useful way to think about these gender differences is to point out that much of this general murder trend is to do with the drug gangs acting as a revolutionary power, challenging the very government,  and with the brutal treatment of those who try to cross the border from Mexico to the US. 

The "criminal occupations" of those who deal drugs and fight gang wars or of those who exploit migrants are predominantly male occupations.  Their victims (many innocent bystanders, members of the police or the civil service, but also other gang members and criminals)  are more likely to be male, too, given the traditionally gendered division of labor in those "criminal occupations."   If women are less likely to be participants in crime, if women are less likely to be out in the public sphere fighting crime and if women are simply less likely to be out alone, we'd expect a much lower female rate of murder victims.

That's the background I've painted for trying to understand the numbers of missing and/or murdered women in certain areas of Mexico.   Are they just unfortunate victims of the general lawlessness I've described above?  Or are many of these women picked as victims simply because they are female?  After all, that's one definition of femicide.

The evidence is unclear, partly because proper statistics are hard to find, and perhaps partly because the authorities haven't seemed to care enough about these cases.  Perhaps the motivations behind the murders of women are many?  Perhaps serial killers can hide behind the generally high murder rate and not get caught?  From a 2012 article about Ciudad Juárez, a place infamous for the number of murdered women:

A government committee found a similar array of causes for the earlier wave of killings. After surveying 155 killings out of 340 documented between 1993 and 2003, the committee found that roughly half were prompted by motives like domestic violence, robbery and gang wars, while a little more than a third involved sexual assault.

Why lump together domestic violence, robbery and gang wars?  That doesn't make any sense to me.

This post is a stump, as Wikipedia calls them.  I'm not sufficiently informed about the issues (correct me in the comments, please!).  But it seems to me that the crucial question has to do with the reason why women are murdered in such numbers.

If we could study the murders of men and women in the relevant areas of Mexico, if we could standardize for all relevant variables (number of drug gangs, the individual's role in that context, whether participant or opponent, robbery as basis for murder etc.), and if we then found out that after taking all that into account being a woman or a girl raises one's chances of being killed, then we could say that Mexico has a problem of femicide.

And Yet More Bad News on Mammograms

Yet another study suggests that mammograms are not terribly effective in decreasing breast cancer mortality.  For earlier studies suggesting the same, see here.  For the definition of false positives in mammography, see here.

The newest study is available here.  The study is an ecological one, comparing mammography use and breast cancer mortality between different US counties.  Because of its nature, the study is open to certain criticisms which the authors address at the end of the article.  None of them seem to me to be strong enough to support other explanations over the main finding of the study,  this:

When analyzed at the county level, the clearest result of mammography screening is the diagnosis of additional small cancers. Furthermore, there is no concomitant decline in the detection of larger cancers, which might explain the absence of any significant difference in the overall rate of death from the disease. Together, these findings suggest widespread overdiagnosis.

By "overdiagnosis" the study means that mammograms may be

identifying small, indolent, or regressive breast tumors that would not otherwise become clinically apparent

Overdiagnosis is undesirable.  It leads to further medical diagnosis and treatment, some of it may have high risks, all of it costing money and causing some pain.  And the anxiety caused by possible false positives is something we should be concerned about.

What causes this?  The obvious answer is that we don't understand the natural histories of various types of tumors well enough*.  Perhaps many small tumors would not grow at all, even if they were not found in a mammogram.  Perhaps some tumors would disappear on their own.  Perhaps some types of tumors, those which tend to be fatal, lack effective treatments, so that an early diagnosis doesn't ultimately affect mortality rates.

But an early diagnosis in those latter cases would look like a possible increase in life expectancy, simply because the disease was found earlier but couldn't ultimately be effectively treated.

What's a woman to do**, with all this data coming in?  The authors of the article:

Nonetheless, we do not believe that the right rate of screening mammography is zero. As is the case with screening in general, the balance of benefits and harms is likely to be most favorable when screening is directed to those at high risk, provided neither too frequently nor too rarely, and sometimes followed by watchful waiting instead of immediate active treatment.³⁷

Which leaves most of us with the advice of talking to our health care providers and hoping that they are up to date about this information and about our own medical histories.

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*In other words, what would happen in the absence of the diagnosis and treatment, how would various tumors develop (grow, metastize,  shrink, vanish, stay the same) without any treatment. 

Given the current state of knowledge in the field, it's not really possible to say that a woman whose cancer was found in a mammogram, who was treated for it and is cancer-free ten years after the original mammogram had her life saved by that diagnostic tool.  That may be the case, of course.  But it's also possible that her particular tumor might never have developed into a fatal cancer.

What we really need in the case of breast cancer (as in the case of many other cancers) are tremendous scientific leaps in the understanding and treatment of the disease.

**  Or a man.  It's important to note that some types of preventive screening are very efficient and effective.  This is true of the PAP smear for cervical cancer and of colonoscopy for the cancer of the colon, though not so much for widespread prostate screening.  Thus, the best approach is to look at each test, discuss its desirability with one's health care provider, get as educated as possible and then act based on all that.  I wish there were more clear-cut options.

Meanwhile in Libya, ISIS Turns Its Attention To Women

I cannot confirm the authenticity of this picture from Sirte, Libya.  It's supposed to tell women how they should dress.

But there's nothing suggesting that the picture wouldn't depict reality.  The group in control in Sirte is the Libyan ISIS, and it takes its ideas from the most extremist form of Saudi Wahhabism.

What's fascinating about the way ISIS (of all types) invades new areas is that almost the first thing on its to-do-list (after killing people) is to get women and men segregated and to get women to stay at home.  If they need to go out they must be utterly invisible, without a face or an identity (as in the above picture),  and in many cases they must be accompanied by an adult male relative. 

All this tells us how very central the re-subjugation of women (in a rather extreme sense) is to the basic ideology.  Obviously the comparison point is not perfect gender equality in Libya (the code for that is to say that Libya is a "conservative" country)*.  But ISIS' interpretation of the Koran, the Shariah and the hadiths are all based on trying to find the very least amount of freedoms women could possibly have. 

As an aside, I'm willing to bet almost anything that prophet Muhammad would be aghast if he came back and saw what's being done in his name, how his statements have been interpreted.
 
As a second aside, I can never quite stop thinking how similar the treatment of women by religious extremists of this sort is to the legal rules about pet dogs in many countries.  Dogs are not allowed in certain places, dogs cannot go out alone, dogs must be leashed and be under the supervision of their owners if they are not at home or inside a fenced yard and so on.   ISIS differs from many other extremist groups only in the sense that it has been given the opportunity to actually make a world where women have almost no rights, and it has eagerly grasped it.

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*And neither are the rivals of ISIS in Libya necessarily any better in terms of women's rights.

Scott Walker Will Run For The President of the United States. What Does He Have In Mind For You, Should He Get The Job?

Scott Walker is the current Republican governor of Wisconsin.  He has just declared his participation in the greatest horse races of the near future:  the Republican primaries for the presidency of the United States.

I have this thing about Scott Walker.  He is very scary, so I downplay his scariness in many of my posts by calling him a Ringwraith from the Lord of the Rings trilogy.  Sauron would be the Alec Foundation.

The trick hasn't really worked to make him look less frightening, but that's because he IS frightening.  To show you just how frightening, what follows is a summary of his achievements in Wisconsin, mostly picked from my earlier posts:

First on our boy Scott and his views on women:

He believes in no abortion even in the case of rape and incest, he has adamantly worked towards that goal, and it's pretty likely that  should he become the president he would continue on that path.

He also doesn't believe in equal pay rights for women.  He repealed Wisconsin's 2009 Equal Pay Reinforcement Act.

Second, on what he has achieved in Wisconsin:

Sunday Dog Blogging

Text:  I know where I am going.  Do you?

Note: Borrowed doggie and borrowed landscape which looks like seaside but is a lot of wheat fields.  Summer, however, is shared by all.

On Climate Change Denial: Fear

The ballad of sad climatologists is about the despair some researchers of climate change feel* when too many (most in the US) deny the reality of climate change and/or refuse to push their governments to do anything about it.   Not being able to sleep, worrying about what might happen when Bangladesh will be under water, where all those people will go if they don't drown.  Worrying about the coming water wars, the coming large migrations (which probably have already begun), the unrest and violence which will follow those.  And then having to get up, go to work and face vitriol from the deniers and the oil industry hacks.

Academics were not trained for any of that, and what those interviewed feel has my sympathy.  Brother Vitriol visits me often, I have often been unable to sleep for slightly different but equally political reasons, and I have had to grow a thick shell and the ability to put political thoughts into their own little cupboards (hate by Xs in one, hate by Ys in the other), to be locked in when the writing day is over.  Some of that works.  When it doesn't, I pretend it does.

Isn't that cheerful?

But the article also notes that accepting the fact of climate change is almost impossible for many, too frightening to be faced, too demanding in its solutions.  What are we to give up to save the earth?  Our cell phones, computers, trans-Atlantic flights?  Our cars?  Everything that people call the "American dream?"

And if we do give up all those things but our neighbors will not, nothing much will change.  We are still careening towards a dystopian world, only now we are not even having any fun on the trip. 

We need united acts.  But the Republican Party does not support those for reasons which are evident in this table:

The message I took from the linked Esquire article is that we shouldn't frighten ordinary people, because the fear of earth dying is paralyzing**.  Such an inconceivable fear causes depression and it might ultimately makes us less able to act.  No, we should frighten the governments to do the right thing, to take those steps which on the overall level will make the most difference, to cut where cutting helps the most, to make it easier for individuals to live lives which won't put extra burdens on the earth.

It's not only fear which matters here but also greed.  I doubt that calling ordinary people greedy would be a better publicity campaign than working on their fears.  But acknowledging the way greed works, acknowledging the political clout of the oil industry and acknowledging the extremely short-sighted views of too many American politicians, all those are useful steps to take.

If I were designing the publicity campaign about how to halt climate change I would focus on any victories against climate change, however tiny and precarious, to use them to convince people that once one step has been taken the next steps will be easier, that acting in some united way still  can make a difference.  It may not reverse climate change, probably won't.  But it might save millions of people in the future, some of which just might be our own great-great-grandchildren.
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*I don't have the expertise to judge the science of the interviewed people, but the overall findings of the field certainly don't support climate change deniers.

**It is also extremely difficult to fathom.  To imagine a world where perhaps hundreds of millions are running away from rising sea levels, a world where  agriculture might fail in large parts of the world, a world where even in the US coastal cities would disappear requires abilities which most people find difficult to use.  One consequence of that difficulty is the increasing attraction of denying the fear altogether.

On The MIxed-Up Twins of Bogotá

This is a fascinating article.  It's about two pairs of identical twins where one twin in each pairing was swopped for a twin in the other pairing,  so that each twin grew up as one of apparently fraternal twins.  Lily Tomlin and Dolly Parton played out this scenario in a movie (can't remember its name).

But there's more to the article than the individual lives of the four men in it.  Read about the epigenetic findings towards the end of the article, while remembering that much of this field is still in its baby clothes:

Before starting her research, Segal would not have been surprised if each young man tested similarly to his identical twin, despite their different environments. But her preliminary results, she said, show that on a number of traits, the identical twins were less alike than she initially anticipated. ‘‘I came away with a real respect for the effect of an extremely different environment,’’ Segal said.

And:

Craig has analyzed the epigenetic profiles of 34 identical and fraternal twins at birth, collecting swabs from their inner cheeks. To Craig, it was noteworthy that in some cases — not many, but some — the epigenetic profile of one newborn twin was more similar to an unrelated baby than to the identical twin with whom that baby shared a womb. Structural differences in the womb could possibly account for it, Craig says — a thicker umbilical cord for one than the other (there are, in fact, two cords) or an awkward site of connection for the umbilical cord on the placenta. But he recognizes that there could be additional factors still in the realm of guesswork. Perhaps one twin is farther from the sound of the mother’s heart, its reassuring steady beat, sending that child on a slightly different life course.

It's that possible dance between what used to be called nature and nurture which fascinates me.  To the extent the new field of epigenetics holds up its promise, our understanding of what is innate and what is environmental may be changing so much that many of our current debates (about gender, say) will sound silly in the future. 

Seventh-Day Adventists: No Ordination For You, Girl

Seventh-Day Adventists have voted to deny women ordination:

The delegates, who represent Adventists around the world — including Africa, South America and the Caribbean, where the faith has been booming — were asked this question: “Is it acceptable for division executive committees, as they may deem it appropriate in their territories, to make provision for the ordination of women to the gospel ministry?” The vote was 1,381 no and 977 yes.

The reason for those voting no has to do with Biblical texts.  If I understood the article correctly, Adventists from Africa, South America and the Caribbean were more likely to vote no:

Western Adventists say the ban on female leaders is holding back their ability to function in this culture, while proponents of the status quo say they read scripture as banning women from overseeing men.

Sigh.  On the global level organized religion is one of the largest obstacles for women's equality.  This is true in Islam and it is true in conservative Judaism and conservative Christianity.  I've written before about religions being one of the legs of the stool on which unequal gender roles sit.  If religions really wanted to, they could saw that leg off and become major forces supporting women's full participation in societies.

Scion of the Silver-Foot-In-The-Mouth Family Comments on The Need For Longer Working Hours

That scion would be Jeb Bush, part of the hereditary monarchy of the Bush family (though those families are quite a few in American politics).  His older brother you may dimly remember.  Now George was a master of those kinds of comments.  But never mind, the teflon aspect of the Bush family meant that he got to be the president two terms in a row.  What with the wars he started.

But Jeb isn't doing badly:

“My aspiration for the country and I believe we can achieve it, is 4 percent growth as far as the eye can see. Which means we have to be a lot more productive, workforce participation has to rise from its all-time modern lows. It means that people need to work longer hours” and, through their productivity, gain more income for their families. That's the only way we're going to get out of this rut that we're in.”

Mmm.  As the linked article tells us, Americans are already working long hours.  To tell people who may already have more than one job, just to make ends meet, that they should work longer hours is insulting.

And the greater productivity of American workers has not benefited them in the aftermath of the recession.  Instead, it has benefited the Jeb Bush's peer group.  So why should workers work even longer hours? To benefit whom?

Feminists Write About Hillary Clinton's Feminism. I Add My Comments.

An interesting exchange in the New York Times.  Feminist activists and/or writers tell us what they think of Hillary Clinton as a feminist candidate.  I especially liked Jamia's and Katha's contributions, but all are worth reading.

The intended theme of the debate, in a partially hidden form, seems to be the differences between generations of feminists, the so-called generational wars.  The term itself is a misnomer, because the battles are not between different generations of women (say, between grandmothers and granddaughters if we compare the second wave of feminism to today), but between the real or imaginary leaders of the second wave and many, many younger women of today.

Older women in general and their problems seem to me to be largely ignored in much of feminist activity, even in intersectional feminism where age rarely crops up as one of the intersections.  It's the older leaders that provoke comment and debate, and it's not those older leaders today which provoke these debates but the assumptions about how they may have acted when they were young feminists.

So the battle is about who gets to define feminism.  Judith's comments struck a bell in that respect:

In a political landscape where real progress on women’s issues long ago slowed to a crawl, questions of who owns feminism — who brands it, and speaks it, and tweets it and “does” it take on enormous significance — because “doing feminism,” in the absence of making progress, is what we’ve got.